Hlau yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv ntau yam siv hauv kev tsim khoom lag luam. Nws muaj zog, ruaj khov thiab yooj yim rau kev ua haujlwm nrog, ua rau nws muaj kev xaiv nrov hauv kev tsim kho, tsheb, aerospace thiab ntau lwm yam lag luam. Ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas txiav txim siab cov khoom ntawm cov hlau yog muaj cov ntsiab lus alloying. Cov ntsiab lus no tau ntxiv rau cov hlau los txhim kho nws lub zog, toughness, corrosion resistance, thiab lwm yam khoom. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tham txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev sib txawv ntawm cov hlau alloying hauv cov hlau.
Cov pa roj carbon (C)
Carbon yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov hlau. Nws yog lub luag haujlwm rau hardness thiab lub zog ntawm steel. Thaum cov pa roj carbon ntxiv rau hlau, nws tsim cov hlau carbide, uas nyuaj thiab muaj zog dua hlau. Cov pa roj carbon ntau hauv cov hlau txawv ntawm {{0}} 05% mus rau 2.0%. Tsawg-carbon steel (txog 0.25% C) yog mos thiab ductile, thaum high-carbon steel (ntau tshaj 0.6% C) yog tawv thiab nkig.
Silicon (Si)
Silicon yog ntxiv rau steel los txhim kho nws lub zog thiab toughness. Nws kuj pab kom deoxidize cov hlau thiab tshem tawm impurities. Silicon feem ntau yog ntxiv rau me me (txog 2.5%) rau cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau.
Manganese (Mn)
Manganese ntxiv rau hlau los txhim kho nws lub zog, hardness, thiab toughness. Nws kuj pab kom deoxidize cov hlau thiab tshem tawm impurities. Manganese feem ntau yog ntxiv rau me me (txog 1.5%) rau cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau.
Chromium (Cr)
Chromium yog ntxiv rau hlau los txhim kho nws cov corrosion kuj, hardness, thiab toughness. Nws tsim ib txheej nyias, tiv thaiv ntawm cov hlau, uas tiv thaiv xeb thiab corrosion. Chromium feem ntau yog ntxiv rau me me (txog 5%) rau cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau.
Nickel (Ni)
Nickel yog ntxiv rau hlau los txhim kho nws lub zog, toughness, thiab corrosion kuj. Nws kuj yuav pab tau kom nws ductility thiab kuj mus rau high kub. Nickel feem ntau yog ntxiv rau me me (txog 5%) rau cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau.
Molybdenum (hli)
Molybdenum ntxiv rau cov hlau los txhim kho nws lub zog, toughness thiab corrosion kuj. Nws kuj yuav pab kom nws tsis kam mus rau qhov kub thiab txias. Molybdenum feem ntau yog ntxiv rau me me (txog 1%) rau cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau.
Copper (Cu)
Copper yog ntxiv rau hlau los txhim kho nws cov corrosion kuj thiab toughness. Nws kuj pab txhim kho nws cov hluav taws xob conductivity thiab thermal conductivity. Copper feem ntau yog ntxiv rau me me (txog 1%) rau cov hlau tsis tshua muaj hlau.
