1. Kev siv thawj zaug thiab kev siv
ASTM A335 P91, feem ntau hu ua "P91," yog chromium-molybdenum alloy hlau uas poob rau hauv qeb ntawm creep zog enhanced ferritic (CSEF) steels. Nws qhov kev siv tseem ceeb yog nyob rau hauv siab - kub thiab siab - cov ntawv thov siab, tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob thiab kev lag luam petrochemical.
Cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb suav nrog:
Fais fab Cog Piping thiab Tubing:Nws yog dav siv hauv fossil roj fais fab nroj tsuag rau qhov tseem ceeb xws li:
Main Steam Lines:Piping uas nqa superheated chav los ntawm boiler mus rau lub turbine.
Kub Reheat Lines:Cov kav dej uas xa rov qab los ntawm qhov siab -siab turbine rov qab mus rau lub boiler rau reheating ua ntej nkag mus rau nruab nrab / qis- siab turbine.
Headers:Cheebtsam uas sau thiab faib cov chav nyob rau hauv lub boiler system.
Petrochemical Kev Lag Luam:Nyob rau hauv refineries thiab tshuaj nroj tsuag rau txheej txheem piping uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv siab kub.
Thaum tshav kub kub Exchangers thiab Boiler Cheebtsam:Hauv cov seem uas tiv taus siab -kub creep thiab oxidation yog yuav tsum tau.
2. Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb thiab qhov zoo
Kev saws me nyuam ntawm P91 tshaj cov pa qis- alloy steels xws li P22 (2.25Cr-1Mo) muaj cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb thiab kev lag luam:
Superior High -Tsub Muaj Zog:P91 qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog nws qhov tshwj xeebcreep zog- nws tsis kam mus deformation nyob rau hauv txhua yam kev nyuaj siab ntawm kub kub nyob rau lub sij hawm ntev. Qhov no tso cai rau nws tuaj yeem tiv taus lub siab tib yam li cov hlau qub tab sis ntawm qhov kub siab dua, los yog tswj cov kev kub siab ntawm tib qhov kub.
Txhim kho Thermal Efficiency:Qhov siab -kub muaj peev xwm ntawm P91 ua rau muaj kev tsim hluav taws xob cov nroj tsuag uas muaj qhov kub thiab txias siab dua (txav mus rau ultra- cov xwm txheej supercritical). Qhov no ncaj qha txhais rausiab dua thermal efficiency, ntau lub zog tso tawm los ntawm tib tus nqi ntawm cov roj, thiab txo cov pa hluav taws xob hauv tsev cog khoom.
Txo cov khoom yuav tsum tau muaj:Vim nws lub zog ntau dua, cov khoom tsim los ntawm P91 tuaj yeem tsim nrogphab ntsa nyiaspiv rau cov uas ua los ntawm P22 lossis P11 rau tib yam kev pabcuam. Qhov no ua rau:
Cov qauv hnyav dua.
Txo cov nqi khoom siv.
Yooj yim vuam thiab fabrication vim tsawg weld hlau yuav tsum tau.
Zoo Oxidation thiab Corrosion Resistance:9% Chromium cov ntsiab lus muab kev tiv thaiv zoo rau oxidation (scaling) thiab sulfidation nyob rau hauv siab - qhov kub thiab txias, ncua lub neej kev pab cuam ntawm cov khoom.
Zoo Thermal Fatigue Resistance:Nws qis thermal expansion coefficient thiab siab dua thermal conductivity piv rau austenitic stainless hlau (xws li 304H) ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo dua rau thermal qaug zog los ntawm kev caij tsheb kauj vab.
3. Kev tsim kho thiab kev cia siab rau yav tom ntej
P91 tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1970s thiab 1980s raws li cov khoom siv sib txawv, txuas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hlau tsis tshua muaj - alloy steels thiab kim dua austenitic stainless hlau.
Txoj kev loj hlob:Nws txoj kev loj hlob yog raws li kev hloov kho 9Cr-1Mo steel (P9) nrog micro-alloying ntsiab xws liVanadium (V) thiab Niobium (Nb)thiab tswj kev kho cua sov los tsim kom muaj kev ruaj khov microstructure nrog lub siab ceev ntawm dislocations thiab nplua precipitates. Qhov "micro-alloying" no yog tus yuam sij rau nws lub zog creep zoo dua.
Cov xwm txheej tam sim no thiab cov teeb meem:P91 tam sim no yog ib yam khoom loj thiab zoo- tsim los. Txawm li cas los, nws fabrication, tshwj xeeb tshaj yogvuam thiab kev kho cua sov, yuav tsum tau tswj cov txheej txheem nruj. Cov teeb meem xws li kev tsim cov mos "sab sov- thaj chaw cuam tshuam" (HAZ) thiab qhov xav tau rau kev kho mob siab tshaj plaws Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) yog qhov tseem ceeb thiab zoo-cov ntaub ntawv nyuaj uas kev lag luam tau kawm los tswj.
Yav tom ntej Outlook:Lub zeem muag yav tom ntej rau P91 yog ze rau lub ntiaj teb lub zog toj roob hauv pes:
Lub luag haujlwm hauv Clean Coal Technology:Nws tseem yog ibcov khoom tseem ceeb rau cov tshiab ultra-supercritical (USC) thee- hluav taws xob hluav taws xobthiab rau retrofitting cov nroj tsuag laus los txhim kho efficiency thiab txo emissions.
Transition Fuel thiab Biomass Cog:Raws li lub ntiaj teb hloov mus rau kev rov ua dua tshiab, P91 yuav yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev hloov pauv, siab - cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob ua tau zoo uas tuaj yeem sib npaug ntawm cov kab sib chaws hloov pauv, suav nrog cov co- tua hluav taws nrog biomass.
Foundation rau Advanced Alloys:Txoj kev vam meej ntawm P91 tau taug txoj hauv kev rau cov qib siab dua zoo liP92 (NF616) thiab P122 (HCM12A), uas muaj peev xwm kub dua. Txawm li cas los xij, P91 tseem yog tus neeg ua haujlwm vim nws cov khoom sib npaug, cov ntaub ntawv dav dav, thiab cov saw hlau tsim.
Geothermal thiab Concentrated Solar Power (CSP):Nws qhov siab - qhov kub thiab txias ua rau nws yog ib tus neeg sib tw rau qee yam khoom hauv tom ntej - tiam hauv ntiaj teb thiab lub zog txuag hluav taws xob hauv CSP cov nroj tsuag.
Hauv kev xaus, ASTM A335 P91 yog cov khoom siv hauv paus uas ua rau muaj kev vam meej hauv kev cog qoob loo thermal. Thaum cov hlau tshiab muaj nyob, nws qhov kev ua tau zoo, tus nqi -kev ua tau zoo, thiab kev ua tau zoo kom ntseeg tau tias nws yuav yog cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv lub ntiaj teb lub zog rau ntau xyoo tom ntej, ob qho tib si hauv cov roj fossil thiab cov kev siv hluav taws xob tawm tshiab.
