API 5L PSL2 X70 ERW Steel Yeeb Nkab
Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb
API 5L PSL2 Qib X70 ERW (Electric Resistance Welded) steel yeeb nkabyog lub siab -lub zog, micro-alloyed kab yeeb nkab tsim los rau kev thov cov roj thiab roj xa mus rau daim ntawv thov [citation:7, citation:10]. Qhov kev xaiv "X70" qhia txog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tawm lub zog ntawm70,000 psi (483 MPa), sawv cev kwv yees8% siab zog dua X65thiab17% siab dua X60. PSL2 ntxiv cov kev xav tau zoo tshaj plaws suav nrog kev tswj tshuaj nruj dua, yuav tsum muaj kev sim cuam tshuam, txwv lub zog siab tshaj plaws, thiab tag nrho traceability [citation: 4, citation: 9].
Lub npe lov raws li hauv qab no:
API 5L: American Petroleum Institute specification rau kab yeeb nkab
PSL2: Khoom Specification Qib 2 (ua kom zoo dua nrog kev sim yuav tsum tau)
X70Qib qhia qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tawm lub zog ntawm 70 ksi (483 MPa)
ERW: Hluav taws xob Resistance Welded - yeeb nkab tsim los ntawm steel kauj thiab welded longitudinally yam tsis muaj muab tub lim
Ntsiab Specifications
| Parameter | Specification |
|---|---|
| Txuj | API 5L (46th Edition, ua raws li ISO 3183) |
| Khoom Specification Level | PSL2 [citation:1, citation:7] |
| Qib | X70 (L485 hauv ISO cim) [citation:7, citation:10] |
| Yam tsawg kawg nkaus Yield Strength | 483-485 MPa (70,000-70,300 psi) [citation: 4, citation: 5, citation: 7] |
| Maximum Yield zog | 621-635 MPa (90,000-92,100 psi)- PSL2 qhia txog min thiab max [citation: 3, citation: 9, citation: 10] |
| Yam tsawg kawg Tensile Strength | 565-570 MPa (82,000-82,700 psi) [citation: 4, citation: 5, citation: 7] |
| Maximum Tensile Strength | 760-758 MPa (110,000-110,200 psi)[nqe: 3, citation: 9] |
| Yield-rau-Tensile Ratio (max) | 0.93[nqe: 9, citation: 10] |
| Hom kev tsim khoom | ERW (Electric Resistance Welded) / HFW [citation: 1, citation: 6] |
| Qhov Loj Loj (ERW) | 14 "mus rau 24" (355.6 mm txog 609.6 mm) OD; kuj 1/2 "mus rau 26" muaj [citation: 1, citation: 2, citation: 6] |
| Phab ntsa Thickness | Teem caij 10 txog 160, STD, XS, XXS; mus txog 1.000 "(25.4 mm) [citation: 2, citation: 7, citation: 10] |
| Ntev | 3m rau 18m; SRL, DRL; 5.8 m, 6 m, 11.8 m, 12 m txheem [citation: 2, citation: 6] |
| Xaus Xaus | Plain xaus, beveled xaus, threaded xaus |
Chemical Composition (PSL2 Welded Yeeb Nkab)
| Element | Ntau tshaj % | PSL1 Sib piv |
|---|---|---|
| Cov pa roj carbon (C) | 0.12-0.22% | 0.26-0.28% (kev tswj nruj dua) [citation: 3, citation: 5, citation: 7, citation: 9] |
| Silicon (Si) | 0.45% | Tsis tau teev tseg rau PSL1 [citation:3, citation:7] |
| Manganese (Mn) | 1.40-1.85% | 1.65% (siab dua rau lub zog) [citation: 3, citation: 5, citation: 9] |
| Phosphorus (P) | 0.025% | 0.030% (stricter) [citation: 3, citation: 7, citation: 9] |
| Sulfur (S) | 0.015% | 0.030% (50% txo) [citation: 3, citation: 7, citation: 9] |
| Vanadium (V) | 0.07-0.10% max | Yeem micro-alloying [citation:3, citation:7, citation:10] |
| Niobium (Nb) | 0.05-0.06% max | Yeem micro-alloying [citation:7, citation:10] |
| Titanium (Ti) | 0.04% max | Yeem micro-alloying [citation:7, citation:10] |
| Nb + V + Ti (Total) | 0.15% max | Grain refinement [siv: 7, citation: 10] |
Faj seeb: PSL2 yuav tsum muaj cov pa roj carbon sib npaug (CE) suav thiab tswj kom ntseeg tau tias qhov chaw zoo weldability [citation: 4, citation: 7]. Rau cov ntawv thov kev pabcuam qaub, cov ntsiab lus sulfur yuav raug txwv ntxiv rau Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.002%.
Mechanical Properties
| Khoom | PSL2 Kev Xav Tau | PSL1 Sib piv |
|---|---|---|
| Yield zog (min) | 483-485 MPa (70,000-70,300 psi) [citation: 4, citation: 5, citation: 7] | Yam tsawg kawg nkaus |
| Yield zog (max) | 621-635 MPa (90,000-92,100 psi)[nqe: 3, citation: 9, citation: 10] | Tsis tau teev tseg |
| Tensile zog (min) | 565-570 MPa (82,000-82,700 psi) [citation: 4, citation: 5, citation: 7] | Yam tsawg kawg nkaus |
| Tensile zog (max) | 760-758 MPa (110,000-110,200 psi)[nqe: 3, citation: 9] | Tsis tau teev tseg |
| Yield-rau-Tensile Ratio | 0.93 max[nqe: 9, citation: 10] | Tsis tau teev tseg |
| Elongation | Ntau dua lossis sib npaug li 17-22% (ib API 5L formula) [citation: 5, citation: 7] | Tib yam mis nyuj |
| Charpy Impact (CVN) | Yuav tsum tauntawm qhov ntsuas kub [citation: 4, citation: 9] | Tsis xav tau |
| Hardness (max) | 250 HV10 (kev pabcuam qaub: 248 HV10) | Tsis tau teev tseg |
Dimensional Tolerances (API 5L)
| Parameter | Qhov Loj | Ua siab ntev | Qhov chaw |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lub cev OD | 219.1-457 hli | ±0.75% | |
| Lub cev OD | 508-610 hli | ±0.75% | |
| Cov yeeb nkab kawg (219.1-273.1 hli) | - | +1.6 hli / -0.4 hli | |
| Cov yeeb nkab kawg (274-320 mm) | - | +2.4 hli / -0.8 hli | |
| Cov yeeb nkab kawg (323.9-457 mm) | - | +2.4 hli / -0.8 hli | |
| Phab ntsa Thickness (508-610mm) | - | +19.5% / -8% | |
| Phab ntsa Thickness (219.1-457 mm) | - | +15% / -12.5% | |
| Kev ncaj | Ntev ntev | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.15% ntawm tag nrho qhov ntev |
ERW Manufacturing txheej txheem
ERW steel yeeb nkab yog ncaj seam hluav taws xob tiv thaiv welded yeeb nkab uas tsim los ntawm cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv:
Uncoiling- Steel kauj yog uncoiled thiab leveled
Ntug Kev Npaj- Cov npoo npoo yog milled rau kev vuam zoo
tsim- Steel strip yog txias - ua rau hauv cylindrical zoo
Hluav taws xob induction Vuam- Siab- zaus vuam koom nrog cov npoo yam tsis muaj hlau muab tub lim
Kev kho cua sov- Lub weld seam yog normalized rau refine grain qauv thiab tshem tawm nkig constituents
Qhov loj me- Cov yeeb nkab dhau los ntawm qhov loj me kom ua tiav qhov ntev kawg
NDT- 100% tsis yog- kuaj kev puas tsuaj (ultrasonic lossis eddy tam sim no) ntawm weld seam
Kev Ntsuas Hydrostatic-Txhua cov yeeb nkab ib leeg raug kuaj xyuas kom muaj kev ncaj ncees siab
Xaus Xaus- Xaus npaj (dawb lossis beveled)
Kev Xeem Xeem (PSL2)
| Hom kev xeem | Kev xav tau | Sau ntawv |
|---|---|---|
| Tshuaj ntsuam xyuas | Rau qhov kub ntau | Tighter PSL2 txwv [citation:4, citation:9] |
| Tensile Test | Rau ntau | Txheeb xyuas qhov txwv min thiab max |
| Yield-rau-Tensile Ratio | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.93 | Yuav tsum tau ua pov thawj |
| Charpy Impact Test (CVN) | Yuav tsum tau | Yuav tsum muaj rau txhua qib PSL2 [citation:4, citation:9] |
| Flattening Test | Yuav tsum tau rau ERW yeeb nkab | Txheeb xyuas ductility |
| Khoov Test / Qhia-Bend Test | Yuav tsum tau | Verifies weld kev ncaj ncees |
| Hydrostatic Test | Txhua lub raj | Kev ntsuas siab ncaj ncees; 100% ntawm cov kav dej [citation: 7, citation: 10] |
| NDT (Ultrasonic / Eddy Tam sim no) | 100% ntawm weld seam | Yuav tsum tau rau PSL2 [citation:4, citation:9] |
| DWTT (Drop Weight Tear Test) | Rau cov kev siv tseem ceeb | Fracture toughness xyuas |
| Kev kuaj Hardness | Rau kev pabcuam qaub | Hardness mapping yuav tsum tau thaum teev tseg |
| Kev xeem HIC/SSC | Rau kev pabcuam qaub | Raws li NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 |
Qib sib piv: X70 vs. Cov Qib uas nyob ib sab
| Qib | Yield zog (min) | Yield zog (max) | Tensile zog (min) | Daim ntawv thov |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| X52 | 359-360 MPa (52 ksi) | 531 MPa (77 ksi) | 455-460 MPa (66 ksi) | General kis tau tus mob |
| X56 | 386-390 MPa (56 ksi) | 545 MPa (79 ksi) | 490 MPa (71 ksi) | Siab dua -siab kis |
| X60 | 414-415 MPa (60 ksi) | 565 MPa (82 ksi) | 517-520 MPa (75 ksi) | High -siab kis |
| X65 | 448-450 MPa (65 ksi) | 600 MPa (87 ksi) | 531-535 MPa (77 ksi) | Siab -siab, offshore |
| X70 | 483-485 MPa (70 ksi) | 621-635 MPa (90-92 ksi) | 565-570 MPa (82 ksi) | Ntev -qhov deb siab -siab, offshore, arctic[qhia: 4, citation: 7] |
| X80 | 552-555 MPa (80 ksi) | 690-705 MPa (100-102 ksi) | 621-625 MPa (90 ksi) | Ultra-siab- siab lub cev kab |
X70 muaj kwv yees li 8% siab tshaj tawm lub zog tshaj X65, 17% siab dua X60, thiab 35% siab dua X52 [citation:4, citation:7].
PSL1 vs. PSL2 Sib piv rau X70
| Feature | PSL 1 X 70 | PSL 2 X 70 | Qhov tseem ceeb |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cov pa roj carbon (C) max | 0.26-0.28% [Citation: 5, citation: 6] | 0.12-0.22%[qhia: 3, citation: 7, citation: 9] | 54% txo- zoo dua weldability, qis HAZ hardness |
| Sulfur (S) max | 0.030% [Citation: 5, citation: 6] | 0.015%[qhia: 3, citation: 7, citation: 9] | 50% txo- tseem ceeb rau toughness thiab HIC kuj |
| Phosphorus (P) max | 0.030% [Citation: 5, citation: 6] | 0.025%[qhia: 3, citation: 7, citation: 9] | Txhim kho toughness thiab weldability |
| Manganese (Mn) max | 1.65% [Citation: 5, citation: 6] | 1.40-1.85%[qhia: 3, citation: 5, citation: 9] | Siab dua rau lub zog optimization |
| Yield zog | 485 MPa min nkaus xwb [citation: 5, citation: 6] | 483-635 MPa ntau[nqe: 3, citation: 9, citation: 10] | Tiv thaiv tshaj - cov ntaub ntawv muaj zog |
| Tensile zog | 570 MPa min nkaus xwb [citation: 5, citation: 6] | 565-760 MPa ntau[nqe: 3, citation: 9] | Xyuas kom zoo ib yam mechanical zog |
| Yield-rau-Tensile Ratio | Tsis tau teev tseg | Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.93[nqe: 9, citation: 10] | Xyuas kom txaus ductility |
| Charpy Impact Test | Tsis xav tau | Yuav tsum tau[qhia: 4, citation: 9] | Guarantee qis -kub toughness |
| Carbon sib npaug (CE) | Tsis xav tau | Xam thiab tswj [citation:4, citation:7] | Xyuas kom zoo teb weldability |
| NDT Requirements | Txuj | Ntau nruj [citation:4, citation:9] | Kev kuaj pom zoo dua |
| Traceability | Batch qib | Pipe -los ntawm- yeeb nkab puv traceability[qhia: 4, citation: 9] | Ua kom tiav cov ntaub ntawv zoo |
| Hom kev siv | Kev pabcuam dav dav | Kev pabcuam tseem ceeb, kev pabcuam qaub, qhov kub thiab txias, offshore[qhia: 4, citation: 7] |
Thaum tshav kub kub kho Suffixes (PSL2)
PSL2 X70 tuaj yeem muab tau nrog cov lus qhia txog kev kho cua sov:
| Lub ntsiab lus | Qhov xwm txheej | Daim ntawv thov |
|---|---|---|
| X70N | Li qub | General kis tau tus mob, txhim kho grain qauv |
| X70Q | Quenched thiab tempered | Maximum zog uniformity [citation: 7, citation: 10] |
| X70M | Thermomechanical yob (TMCP) | Txhim kho toughness thiab weldability [citation: 7, citation: 10] |
| x70 qw | Quenched thiab tempered + Sour service | H₂S ib puag ncig |
| X70 MAS | Thermomechanical dov + Kev pabcuam qaub | H₂S ib puag ncig nrog txhim kho toughness |
Nco tseg: Suffix "S" qhia tias Sour Service thov rau NACE MR0175 .
Cov ntawv thov siv
| Daim ntawv thov | Kev piav qhia |
|---|---|
| Ntev-Nyob deb siab-Npaj roj xa mus | Cov kab loj hauv lub cev yuav tsum muaj kev khiav hauj lwm siab [citation: 7, citation: 10] |
| Offshore thiab Subsea Pipelines | Subsea pipelines xav tau lub zog siab - rau - qhov hnyav piv |
| Arctic thiab Cold Climate Pipelines | Tsawg- qhov kub thiab txias ib puag ncig yuav tsum tau lav qhov cuam tshuam toughness [citation:7, citation:10] |
| Crude Roj Trunk Kab | Cov kab txuas tseem ceeb rau kev thauj cov roj av |
| Onshore Gathering Networks | Regional trunk systems txuas cov chaw tsim khoom rau kev ua haujlwm |
| Chaw nres tsheb thiab Header Piping | Compressor chaw nres tsheb, twj tso kua mis, metering chaw |
| Sour Service | H₂S ib puag ncig (nrog qib X70MS/X70QS) |
| Kev xa dej | Loj - txoj kab uas hla, siab - siab dej mains |
| Pipeline Chaw Piping | Siab - cov ntawv thov siab hauv cov kav xa hluav taws xob |
Qhov Zoo Tshaj Plaws
| Qhov zoo | Kev piav qhia |
|---|---|
| Siab zog | 70,000 psi tawm los - 8% siab dua X65, 17% siab dua X60, 35% siab dua X52 [citation:4, citation:7] |
| Guaranteed Toughness | Yuav tsum tau Charpy qhov kev ntsuam xyuas kom ntseeg tau tias qis -kev ua haujlwm kub [citation:4, citation:9] |
| Stricter Chemistry | 50% qis sulfur cov ntsiab lus (0.015% vs. 0.030%) txhim kho weldability thiab HIC tsis kam [citation:3, citation:7] |
| Tswj lub zog | Lub zog tawm los siab tshaj plaws (635 MPa) tiv thaiv ntau tshaj - cov ntaub ntawv muaj zog uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem vuam [citation:3, citation:9] |
| Tag nrho Traceability | Cov yeeb nkab-los ntawm- yeeb nkab traceability kom tiav cov ntaub ntawv zoo [citation:4, citation:9] |
| Enhanced NDT | Kev nruj dua uas tsis yog -kev ntsuas kev puas tsuaj [citation:4, citation:9] |
| Microstructure | Ultra-tsawg carbon acicular ferrite qauv nrog siab - ntom dislocations interacting nrog nplua nag lossis daus theem |
| Siab Resistance rau Dynamic Tearing | Zoo heev tawg toughness zog |
| Low Ductile-Brittle Transition Temperature | Tsim nyog rau kev siv qis - kub |
| Acid Service Suitability | Muaj rau cov ntawv thov kev pabcuam qaub nrog NACE ua raws |
| Kev kho cua sov | Advanced ERW txheej txheem suav nrog kev kho cua sov hauv zos los kho qhov chaw weld microstructure |
| Tus nqi -Cov | ERW txheej txheem muab kev lag luam tsim khoom rau qhov ntau thiab tsawg txog 24 " |
Txheej txheej xaiv
| Txheej hom | Zoo tshaj rau | Ntsiab nta |
|---|---|---|
| 3LPE (3-txheej polyethylene) | Cov kav dej faus | Feem ntau; Kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo heev, muaj kev cuam tshuam siab [citation: 2, citation: 6] |
| FBE (Fusion Bonded Epoxy) | Roj & roj pipelines | Muaj zog adhesion, tshuaj tiv thaiv [citation: 2, citation: 6] |
| 3LPP (3-txheej polypropylene) | Offshore pipelines | Kub kub tsis kam (txog 140 degree) |
| Coal Tar Epoxy | Marine ib puag ncig | Heavy-lub luag haujlwm tiv thaiv [citation:2, citation:6] |
| Dub (dawb) | Standard zeb tiav | Kev tiv thaiv ib ntus [citation:2, citation:6] |
| Varnish/Anti- xeb roj | Kev tiv thaiv ib ntus | Luv -lub sij hawm tiv thaiv corrosion thaum thauj |
| Pob zeb hnyav txheej (CWC) | Offshore / subsea pipelines | Tsis zoo buoyancy thiab mechanical tiv thaiv |
| Galvanized | Kev siv cov qauv | Kub-dip galvanizing rau corrosion kuj |
Kev txiav txim siab tseem ceeb
1. Kev txwv qhov loj
ERW manufacturing rau X70 feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv14 "mus rau 24" (355.6 mm txog 609.6 mm) OD
Cov kab me me mus txog 1/2 "muaj los ntawm qee cov tuam ntxhab
Cov kab loj dua (tshaj 24 ") xav tau LSAW lossis SSAW manufacturing [citation: 1, citation: 10]
2. PSL1 vs. PSL2 Xaiv
PSL2: Yuav tsum muaj rau qis- kev pabcuam kub (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog qis dua 0 degree), kev pabcuam qaub (H₂S ib puag ncig), cov kav dej tswj hwm (FERC, DOT), kev siv sab nrauv, thiab cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb [citation: 4, citation: 7]
PSL1: Haum rau cov kev pabcuam dav dav, cov kab dej, tsis yog - daim ntawv thov tseem ceeb uas tsis muaj qhov ntsuas kub tsawg - tsis tas yuav tsum muaj qhov toughness
3. Kev ntsuas qhov ntsuas kub
Standard Charpy Impact Test yog nyob ntawm0 degreenrog yam tsawg kawg nkaus yuav tsum muaj zog
Rau kev siv txias dua (arctic, dej tob), kev ntsuas cuam tshuam ntawm-20 degreelos yog-45 degreetuaj yeem teev
4. Muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm siab
PSL2 X70 nrog rau cov kev xav tau ntxiv tuaj yeem siv rau kev pabcuam qaub (H₂S ib puag ncig):
X70MS/X70QScov qib tshwj xeeb tsim los rau kev pabcuam qaub
Kev kuaj Hardness (tsawg dua lossis sib npaug rau 248 HV10)
HIC thiab SSC xeem rau NACE TM0284 thiab NACE TM0177
Cov ntsiab lus sulfur yuav raug txwv ntxiv rau Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug li 0.002%
5. Qib sib npaug
TS EN ISO 3183: L485 [siv: 7, citation: 10]
GB/T 9711: L485
DNV OS{0}}F101Qib: Qib 485 (zoo sib xws)
6. Kev xa khoom xa tuaj
PSL2 X70 tuaj yeem muab tau rau hauv cov xwm txheej hauv qab no:
Raws li -rolled (R)
Normalized (N)
Normalized thiab tempered
Quenched thiab tempered (Q)
Thermomechanical dov (TMCP) (M) [citation: 7, citation: 10]
7. Mill Test Certificate
Feem ntau muab raws liEN 10204 Hom 3.1nrog tag nrho cov kev xeem
Thib peb-kev soj ntsuam tog (SGS, BV, Lloyds, TUV, ABS) muaj nyob rau ntawm kev thov
8. Microstructure thiab Metallurgy
X70 steel yeeb nkab nta cov qauv tsim los ntawmacicular ferrite thiab bainite. Nws qhov kev ua tau zoo heev yog vim:
Ultra- qis carbon acicular ferrite qauv
High density dislocations interacting nrog zoo nag lossis daus theem
Micro- alloying cov ntsiab lus (Nb, V, Ti) rau kev ua kom cov nplej
Tag nrho micro-cov ntsiab lus alloy Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug rau 0.15% [citation:7, citation:10]
Cov ntsiab lus
API 5L PSL2 Qib X70 ERW steel yeeb nkabyog lub siab -lub zog micro- cov kab yeeb nkab uas tsim los rau kev thov cov roj thiab cov roj xa mus. Nrog yam tsawg kawg nkaus tawm lub zog ntawm70,000 psi (483 MPa)- kwv yees li8% siab dua X65, 17% siab dua X60, thiab35% siab dua X52- thiab txhim kho PSL2 cov kev xav tau zoo, cov yeeb nkab no yog qhov kev xaiv zoo rau ntev - nrug siab - cov pa xa hluav taws xob, cov kav dej tawm sab nrauv, thiab cov ntawv siv arctic qhov siab tshaj plaws lub zog - rau - qhov hnyav piv yog qhov tseem ceeb [citation: 4, citation: 7, citation: 10].
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb:
Muaj nyob rau hauvPSL2qib zoo nrog txhim khu kev ntsuas kev xav tau
Tsim los ntawmERW txheej txheem- Qhov ntau thiab tsawg los ntawm 14 "mus rau 24" OD
Yuav tsum tau Charpy impact testua kom qis -kub kev ua haujlwm [citation:4, citation:9]
50% qis sulfur cov ntsiab lus(0.015% vs. 0.030%) txhim kho toughness thiab HIC kuj [citation:3, citation:7]
Maximum yield zog(635 MPa) tiv thaiv tshaj - cov ntaub ntawv muaj zog [citation:3, citation:9]
Micro{0}} alloyednrog Nb / V / Ti rau cov khoom txhim kho (tag nrho Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug rau 0.15%) [citation: 7, citation: 10]
Yield-rau-tensile ratio Tsawg dua lossis sib npaug rau 0.93xyuas kom txaus ductility [citation: 9, citation: 10]
Acicular ferrite thiab bainite microstructuremuab siab tsis kam mus dynamic tearing
Tag nrho traceabilitylos ntawm steelmaking rau cov yeeb nkab tiav [citation: 4, citation: 9]
NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 ua rawsrau daim ntawv thov kev pabcuam qaub (X70MS/X70QS qib)
Cov ntawv thov uas muaj xws li:
Ntev -qhov deb siab- cov kav xa hluav taws xob siab
Offshore thiab subsea pipelines
Arctic thiab txias huab cua pipelines
Crude roj trunk kab
Chaw nres tsheb thiab header piping
Cov ntawv thov kev pabcuam qaub (nrog rau qib X70MS/X70QS)
Cov kav dej tswj tau raws li FERC, DOT, lossis lwm tus tub ceev xwm
Thaum ordering, qhia:API 5L PSL2 Qib X70 ERW steel yeeb nkab, Qhov Loj (OD x WT), Ntev, Qhov Kawg Finish (plain / beveled), Kev kho cua sov (N / Q / M yog tias xav tau), Txheej Txheej (3LPE / FBE / liab qab), thiab lwm yam kev xav tau ntxiv (kev ntsuas kub, kev pabcuam qaub). Mill Test Certificate rau EN 10204 Hom 3.1 yog tus qauv. Rau cov ntawv thov kev pabcuam qaub, qhia meejX70MS or X70 QSnrog NACE MR0175 ua raws.
